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Flowers of the Romanian Carpathians - Excellent photo album

Beyond the fresh air and refreshing green of the woods, the mountains have a chance to see and those flowers that give color and charm fill grassland, glades and alpine pastures. Texture and also resistant plants grow wild in the foothills and mountain ridges until, finding favorable living conditions both in open field, and under trees. If some species prefer the cool neighborhood of streams, others feel at ease in swamps or putrid arbor of forest. May "bold" better "equipped" protection systems (dwarf forms or crawling, Dimensions low, thick skin with fine spikes or hairs that form a real felt pools of water in leaf tissue, etc. .) are plants that manage to "colonize" barren rocks of peaks up to 2,000 m altitude. They have to cope with arid conditions (wind, drought, frost) present almost all year round.
Shapes, colors and flavors:
Generally, all have something special mountain flowers. First, graceful figure, impossible to overlook. Then, color and shape, combining mountain flowers most often light colors (red, yellow, orange, blue, purple) with stellar forms (single, double or even more complicated). Leaves of many species offers surprises at your suggestion to fine fabric, silk or velvet. Also, these delicate flowers in May odors emanating gentle or steep, associated with the taste of tea (mint, thyme, oregano, cranberry or cranberry), spices (garlic, onion, horseradish, basil) or flavored drinks (caraway, juniper, Angelica). Besides the positive effect they have on the human psyche, the mountain flowers are in fact a wealth difficult to express in words. Thus, there are species of historical importance, witness of times long gone, we "talk "about the meaning of evolution. One should pay special attention to those rare flower species category vulnerable because beauty, their fragrance and therapeutic qualities have been collected without discernment, and largely destroyed.
Herbs:
Many mountain flowers contain pharmacologically active principles, are therefore used as: adjuvant treatments, disinfectants (chamomile, yarrow stem), healing (plantain, grass thief), painkillers (heal, hops, lime), etc..
Furthermore, therapeutic effects have recognized medicinal and aromatic plants in many diseases of the digestive system (centaury herb St. John's wort, peppermint), respiratory (Robin boot, candles, podbalul), cardiovascular (Herb base, saschiul small hawthorn), genito urinary (bag Shepherd, orchids, thorn).
If you love the mountain ...
That we can enjoy the beauty of the alpine flora not only us but the generations that will follow, should follow a few rules "conduct mountain":
- Do not break unless you really need flowers. Even if you only get to adorn your room, pick them when you close the cottage (droop slightly) and in reasonable numbers. Small bouquets can be as if they are brightly colored decorations.
- Do not uproot plants with roots and all, so it allows you to regenerate, even in the year they have broken stems and flowers shall cease earlier vegetation.
- If you've decided to pick our own plants for tea, always do a careful, and leaving others.
- Try a little acquainted with the mountain before the climb. Reading or talking to a connoisseur, you will find valuable details, you will focus more easily and will succeed, perhaps, to recognize and protect valuable plant species.
- Instead of flowers the corner, they will press (and look!) Between sheets of a book, choose the photos made in memory as a unique natural environment.
- Draw your children in activities that involve contact with nature and learn to cherish and enjoy its riches.
- Remember one thing: if you have felt good, you want to come back. And what great joy you have being mentioned the same places you have connected spiritually!
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Romanian Carpathians

Romanian Carpathians are part of the eastern sector of the Alpine mountain system, well individualized by the general direction of the main peaks, the altitude, the massive structure. Resistance to Russian Platform imposed at Carpathian training a northwest direction from north to south south easterly direction and then westward as Hercynic Dobrogea horst.

Carpathian average altitude is about 1000 m, height rarely exceeding 2500 m (Bucegi, Fagaras, Parang, Retezatului, Rodna). The Western Carpathians, heights frequently descend the slopes below 800 m (Foreign Moma Mountains, Forest Mountains, Banat, etc.). Width system Carpathian Mountains in Romania varies between 120 km (in Rodna) and 70 km (in the Parang Mountains).
Carpathians are characterized by the presence of numerous cross-mountainous valleys and total or partial (Danube, Jiu, Olt, Bistriţa River, Mureş River Quick, etc.). They have 204 million years old.
According to geomorphological and geological differences, Romanian Carpathians are divided into three main units morfotectonice:
I. Eastern Carpathians with three older groups and 40 mountain groups that are distinct morphological, geophysical and geographical:
* Maramures and Bucovina Carpathians
* Moldavian Carpathians Transylvania
* Curvature Carpathians
II. Southern Carpathians with four older groups, subdivided into 23 mountain groups that are geographically distinct:
* Bucegi Mountains
* Fagaras Mountains
* Parang Mountains
* Godeanu Retezat Mountains
III. Western Carpathians with three older groups, divided in turn into 18 morphologically distinct mountain groups, geophysical and geographical:
* Banat Mountains
* Poiana Rusca Mountains
* Apuseni Mountains.
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Carpathian Mountains Part II

Carpathians were formed together with the entire Alpine system, the vast geosyncline of the Russian platform (the east), orogenetic caledono Hercynic (west) and African shield (the south). Since the Cretaceous, the formation of the Carpathians took place in several phases of uplifting movements, belonging orogenezei Alpine.
Gained relief appearance during the Quaternary current, growing on a mosaic of rocks (crystalline schists, volcanic rocks, magmatic and sedimentary rocks).
As in the Alps, Apennines and Scandinavian Mountains, the Carpathians, there are many areas with limestone and karst landforms, glacial relict landforms, structural and petrographic varied landscape.
The largest division is the Tatra Mountains.
Much of the Western Carpathians External western and northern Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia are traditionally appointed Beskids.
Geological boundary between the Western and the Eastern Carpathians, browse around the line (from south to north) between the towns Michalovce Bardejov Nowy Sacz Tarnów. The old paper was more to the east boundary line (from north to south) drawn from rivers and Osława Sanna (Poland) - Snina city (Slovakia) - Tur \ 'ia (Ukraine). Biologists, however, and moved east border.
Boundary between Eastern and Southern Carpathians is formed by Step Predeal, Brasov and Prahova Valley South.
Ukrainians use the term "Eastern Carpathians" only the Ukrainian Carpathians (or Wooded Carpathians), mainly in the area in their territory (until Prislop Pass), while the Romans used the term Eastern Carpathians (Eastern Carpathians) to refer the area extending from the border with Ukraine to the south.
In terms of climate, the Carpathians are part of the continental climate, with different shades because of their latitude, longitude and altitude.
One may speak of a mountain climate, characterized by altitudinal ratios, resulting in a decrease in temperature and precipitation increase as the altitude increases. Average annual temperature varies between 8 ° C in the foothills and 2 ° C on the highest peaks. Average annual rainfall varies between 750 mm and 2000 mm. At altitudes above 2000 m, rainfall is in most cases, the form of snow.
In the northern Baltic climate influences are felt in the western ocean, the climate influences from eastern Russian Plain (cold and dry winter), and the south Mediterranean.
The waters are very numerous. Major rivers and springs in the Carpathians are: Nitra, Hron, Tisza (with its aflienţii Bodo Somes, Cris and Mures), Jiu, Olt, Arges, Siret (with its tributaries of Moldova, Bistrita, Trotus, Putna, Ramnicu Salt and Buzau), Prut and Nistru.
The highest summits (particularly in north western Carpathians and the south eastern Carpathians), there are many glacial lakes. In addition to these lakes man, in most cases the lakes used for energy purposes.
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Chamois, Carpathian coat of arms

Steep ridges chamois protects wolves, but not by poachers.
I was Guţanu in Bucegi, in a place where the path to the slope creep among spruce stands, mountain pine and grassland, and so well camouflaged that no hunting, no hunting is not indifferent to me. Pack of wolves seemed close enough to manage the herd of black goats and I was wondering if and how can I prevent a massacre. For I must admit, though goat hunting by wolves is part of more settled order of nature, I found it difficult to remain completely neutral: chamois is one of my favorites since 1984 and have been involved with the monitoring, restocking and research devoted to this species. But the goats I have saved the dilemma: immediately jumped on a policy difficult to access, where watched with interest his efforts to climb walls wolves. The talented climber of the wolves managed to achieve the policy, but in that moment, several elegant leaps, goats climbed on a porch and more difficult to reach, just above it. Instead of a bloody undo curricula, too, and we've enjoyed the chamois of the Wolf comic show, which, leaving the loser, had great difficulties to fall back on the steep slippery. Earlier glaciaţiilor, Rupicapra Rupicapra - chamois of the Alps and the Carpathians - was already a distinct species because it is completely separated from relatives, chamois of the Pyrenees and Apennines.
When they took possession of mountain glaciers, could no longer feed the goats and fled to the plains, but there was competition with other large herbivores, were also more vulnerable to predators, so that, as glaciers have melted, they were returned on the rise. Hoof capable of great strength, chamois, with a remarkable technical rock climbing, and found a perfect refuge steep ridges of the Carpathians.
Although some wolves, bears and lynx in particular by failing to capture a goat on the wrong foot, steep mountain gaps to ensure a perfect protection. Chamois a needle with a noble figure, has become an almost heraldic symbol of the Carpathians. But here and its drama, what more perfect target for a weapon sight can only be deployed in the sky proud animal? Poachers were enemies of heraldry Carpathian goat.
By the 40s, when weapons were scattered and not too harsh law, the number dropped Chamois in Romania in 2000. Exclusion from the alpine pasture of goals and a strict arms control have made since 1980 to reach about 8500 numbers. After 1990, black goats were much depleted by poaching, especially as the proliferation of rifles. Chamois gone much further in some areas. Cave of ice Scărişoara speleologists Rupicapra have posted a skull, a sign that once lived in the Apuseni Mountains. Later, he disappeared from Ceahlau, Vrancea Mountains, Calimani. After 1970, the research team hunting the Forest Research Institute and began restocking the chamois-friendly resorts.
Most specimens were from displaced Retezat Bucegi and Fagaras Mountains Stone. After testing several methods of catching, he opted for nets. This ensures the lowest mortality. After immobilization and injection mandatory to avoid transportation stress relief, chamois forestry were held back until wooden cages and trucks quickly went to the place of restocking. In the '30s, black goats disappeared Pietrosul Rodnei area, shortly before, had a world record trophy. Starting from only 25 goats displaced Rodnei reached in 1990 to over 300.
Then spread poaching led to a new threshold population extinctions. The measures taken after 2000 halted this. In Hasmas, Ceahlau, Ciucaş, chamois are again part of the ecosystem, and Siriu, at 16 goats brought from Retezat Bucegi Mountains and stone, are now about 100. Silviu Chiriac researcher believes that a good result was Tişiţa Gorge Vrancea: here, it was displaced from 13 to 240 goats. "Limiting hunting and poaching have contributed to this success", he said. But the biggest populations are those of the Southern: about 1000 in the Bucegi and Piatra Mountains, between 3200 and 4000 in Fagaras, Parang River and, in about 2500 and Godeanu Retezat. Carpathian Chamois is the most valuable in the world. Five of the top 10 trophies worldwide chamois were collected in Bucegi. The current world record is held by a trophy species in Fagaras Mountains. GO TO TOP^

Carpathian Mountains, Part I

Carpathian Mountains are a mountain range belonging to the great central mountain system of Europe. Carpathian Basin caught between Vienna (which separates the Alpine chain) and lane Timok (which separates it from the Stara Planina Balkan Peninsula) forming an arc with a length of 1500 km and a maximum width of 130 km, taking place on 6 ° in latitude and longitude about 10 °. Covers the territory of seven countries: Austria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania and Serbia.
Carpathian mountains appears to be some medium or short, only a few areas exceeding 2000 m in altitude.
The highest peak of Carpathian chain is Gerlach Peak, 2655 m, the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia and in Romania is Moldoveanu Peak, with 2544 m, situated in the Fagaras Mountains of Southern Carpathians.
Unlike the Alps, the Carpathians have large mountainous and peaks in the form of large areas covered with grassland. Carpathians lies the biggest volcanic chain in Europe. Crystalline and eruptive rocks alongside a large extent have a sedimentary rock, which gives a prominent slopes.
Carpathian climate is continental, rainfall increased in relation to altitude and vegetation is arranged in floors (above the alpine meadows, coniferous forests and beech forests on lower slopes and heights). Carpathian mountains spring: the Vistula, Dniester, Tisza, Prut, Siret, Mures, Olt.
The name comes from the Gauls of the carp (Karpathos Horos), living in Moldova, Eastern Carpathians slopes, name, in turn, probably came from an Indo European word meaning stone.
Carpathians begin on the Danube near Bratislava. They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, continue south east and ends at the Danube near Orsova, Romania. The total length of the Carpathians is 1500 km and width of the mountain chain varies between 12 km and 500 km. Greatest width of the Carpathians corresponds with the highest altitude. The mountain chain is the largest width in hilly basin of Transylvania and the Tatra Mountains (the greatest height of the Carpathians, with Gerlach know, which has 2655 m altitude, on the territory of Slovakia on the border with Poland. It covers an area 190 000 km2 and, after the Alps is the most extensive mountain range in Europe.
Although commonly referred to as a Carpathian mountain range, they really do not form an unbroken chain of mountains. Rather, it consists of several distinct geological groups, presenting a structural variety as the Alps. Carpathians, which only in rare places reach an altitude of 2500 m exhibits little rocky peaks, extensive snow-covered areas, lying glaciers, high waterfalls, or large lakes that are common in the Alps. No area of the Carpathian not snow all year and shows no glacier. Carpathians at their maximum altitude, but are as high as Central Eastern Alps, which divides an issue joint climate and flora.
Alps Carpathians are separated by the Danube. The two mountain ranges meet in one point: the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. The river divides also Balkan Mountains Carpathians chain, to Orsova.


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Flowers

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Relaxation at aquarium

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Black Sea

Black Sea shows certain features on the living conditions of organisms that distinguish it from other than the earth's surface.
The most important feature of the Black Sea is the existence of two overlapping layers of water:

- one surface of approximately 150 m deep, with a moderate concentration of salt;

- one of depth, which descends to the seabed, this layer is characterized by a high concentration of minerals.

* Coastal zone (which coincides with the continental platform), which descends to 180 m (it occupies one third of the sea surface);
* Pelagic zone, which contains masses of water in open sea;
* Abyssal zone, including deep sea (up to a maximum depth of 2245 m).

In each of these different creatures living areas.
· CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOTOPE

* Water temperature varies seasonally (winter ashore, minimum down to 0 degrees C in summer reaches 27-29 degrees C); between winter and summer, vertical, there is a reversal of the seasons up to 75-100 m depth; the seabed, the temperature is around 7-9 degrees C;

* Light penetrates to 200 m deep; intensity decreases inversely with depth;
* Salinity is low, especially in the mouth of the Danube and beds built in deep water;
* Oxygenation of the water varies according to season and water depth: winter, bedding surface are saturated in oxygen, in 150-200 m, the oxygen is entirely absent, as solvit gas especially hydrogen sulphide;
* Record horizontal movement of water currents (parallel to shore and some others inside), vertical (thick water that winds of 180-200 m) and waves caused by wind (4-5 m height during storms).
· COMPONENTS BIOCENOSIS
ZONE COASTAL:
* uni and multicellular plants; green algae are the surface and the brown and red to deep, long fixed substrate; strong waves often throw them on shore;

* animals: some are fixed by aquatic plants (worms, mollusks) or are buried in the substrate (turbot, flounder) or water table (jellyfish, guvizi, mackerels, large stall etc.). Many gulls flying over water.
AREA PELAGIA is characterized by a rich phytoplankton and zooplankton;
* Plants: Most are green algae;

* Pets: some are moved by sea currents (protozoa, crustaceans, jellyfish) and other active travel (horse mackerel, mackerels, anchovy); there are few mammals (dolphins and one species of seal).
AREA ABIS is devoid of life, are present only some sulfur bacteria or role in decomposition of organic matter resulting from dead bodies. In other large animals there and curious-looking abysmal light organ. They are adapted to high pressure from below, having passed through the pores or canicuri body, which balances the internal pressure of the external body (an abysmal over land suddenly snapped out immediately). The animal study from the Danube and Black Sea were occupied many biologists. Of them are famous Grigore Antipa Ion Borcea.

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